CSS Examples : CSS Backgrounds 1

Set the background color of a page

Code:
















Preview Result:
















Source : http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_examples.asp

CSS Margin

Margin

The margin clears an area around an element (outside the border). The margin does not have a background color, and is completely transparent.

The top, right, bottom, and left margin can be changed independently using separate properties. A shorthand margin property can also be used, to change all margins at once.


Possible Values

Value	Description
auto	The browser sets the margin. The result of this is dependant of the browser
length	Defines a fixed margin (in pixels, pt, em, etc.)
%	Defines a margin in % of the containing element

Margin - Individual sides

In CSS, it is possible to specify different margins for different sides:

Example
margin-top:100px;
margin-bottom:100px;
margin-right:50px;
margin-left:50px;


Margin - Shorthand property

To shorten the code, it is possible to specify all the margin properties in one property. This is called a shorthand property.

The shorthand property for all the margin properties is "margin":

Example
margin:100px 50px;

The margin property can have from one to four values.

* margin:25px 50px 75px 100px;
o top margin is 25px
o right margin is 50px
o bottom margin is 75px
o left margin is 100px

* margin:25px 50px 75px;
o top margin is 25px
o right and left margins are 50px
o bottom margin is 75px

* margin:25px 50px;
o top and bottom margins are 25px
o right and left margins are 50px

* margin:25px;
o all four margins are 25px



Source: http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_margin.asp

CSS Tables

Table Borders

To specify table borders in CSS, use the border property.

The example below specifies a black border for table, th, and td elements:

Example
table, th, td
{
border: 1px solid black;
}

Notice that the table in the example above has double borders. This is because both the table, th, and td elements have separate borders.

To display a single border for the table, use the border-collapse property.


Collapse Borders

The border-collapse property sets whether the table borders are collapsed into a single border or separated:

Example
table
{
border-collapse:collapse;
}
table,th, td
{
border: 1px solid black;
}


Table Width and Height

Width and height of a table is defined by the width and height properties.

The example below sets the width of the table to 100%, and the height of the th elements to 50px:

Example
table
{
width:100%;
}
th
{
height:50px;
}


Table Text Alignment

The text in a table is aligned with the text-align and vertical-align properties.

The text-align property sets the horizontal alignment, like left, right, or center:

Example
td
{
text-align:right;
}

The vertical-align property sets the vertical alignment, like top, bottom, or middle:

Example
td
{
height:50px;
vertical-align:bottom;
}


Table Padding

To control the space between the border and content in a table, use the padding property on td and th elements:

Example
td
{
padding:15px;
}


Table Color

The example below specifies the color of the borders, and the text and background color of th elements:

Example
table, td, th
{
border:1px solid green;
}
th
{
background-color:green;
color:white;
}


Source: http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_table.asp

CSS Lists

The CSS list properties allow you to:

* Set different list item markers for ordered lists
* Set different list item markers for unordered lists
* Set an image as the list item marker


List

In HTML, there are two types of lists:

* unordered lists - the list items are marked with bullets
* ordered lists - the list items are marked with numbers or letters

With CSS, lists can be styled further, and images can be used as the list item marker.


Different List Item Markers

The type of list item marker is specified with the list-style-type property:

Example
ul.a {list-style-type: circle;}
ul.b {list-style-type: square;}

ol.c {list-style-type: upper-roman;}
ol.d {list-style-type: lower-alpha;}

Some of the property values are for unordered lists, and some for ordered lists.

Values for Unordered Lists

Value	Description
none	No marker
disc	Default. The marker is a filled circle
circle	The marker is a circle
square	The marker is a square

Values for Ordered Lists

Value	Description
armenian	The marker is traditional Armenian numbering
decimal	The marker is a number
decimal-leading-zero	The marker is a number padded by initial zeros (01, 02, 03, etc.)
georgian	The marker is traditional Georgian numbering (an, ban, gan, etc.)
lower-alpha	The marker is lower-alpha (a, b, c, d, e, etc.)
lower-greek	The marker is lower-greek (alpha, beta, gamma, etc.)
lower-latin	The marker is lower-latin (a, b, c, d, e, etc.)
lower-roman	The marker is lower-roman (i, ii, iii, iv, v, etc.)
upper-alpha	The marker is upper-alpha (A, B, C, D, E, etc.)
upper-latin	The marker is upper-latin (A, B, C, D, E, etc.)
upper-roman	The marker is upper-roman (I, II, III, IV, V, etc.)

An Image as The List Item Marker

To specify an image as the list item marker, use the list-style-image property:

Example
ul
{
list-style-image: url('sqpurple.gif');
}


Source: http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_list.asp

CSS Links

Styling Links

Links can be style with any CSS property (e.g. color, font-family, background-color).

Special for links are that they can be styled differently depending on what state they are in.

The four links states are:

* a:link - a normal, unvisited link
* a:visited - a link the user has visited
* a:hover - a link when the user mouses over it
* a:active - a link the moment it is clicked

Example
a:link {color:#FF0000;} /* unvisited link */
a:visited {color:#00FF00;} /* visited link */
a:hover {color:#FF00FF;} /* mouse over link */
a:active {color:#0000FF;} /* selected link */

When setting the style for several link states, there are some order rules:

* a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited
* a:active MUST come after a:hover


Common Link Styles

In the example above the link changes color depending on what state it is in.

Lets go through some of the other common ways to style links:

Text Decoration

The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links:

Example
a:link {text-decoration:none;}
a:visited {text-decoration:none;}
a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}
a:active {text-decoration:underline;}


Background Color

The background-color property specifies the background color for links:

Example
a:link {background-color:#B2FF99;}
a:visited {background-color:#FFFF85;}
a:hover {background-color:#FF704D;}
a:active {background-color:#FF704D;}


Source: http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_link.asp

CSS Font

Font Family

The font family of a text is set with the font-family property.

The font-family property should hold several font names as a "fallback" system. If the browser does not support the first font, it tries the next font.

Start with the font you want, and end with a generic family, to let the browser pick a similar font in the generic family, if no other fonts are available.

Note: If the name of a font family is more than one word, it must be in quotation marks, like font-family: "Times New Roman".

More than one font family is specified in a comma-separated list:

Example
p{font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif;}


Font Style

The font-style property is mostly used to specify italic text.

This property has three values:

* normal - The text is shown normally
* italic - The text is shown in italics
* oblique - The text is "leaning" (oblique is very similar to italic, but less supported)

Example
p.normal {font-style:normal;}
p.italic {font-style:italic;}
p.oblique {font-style:oblique;}


Font Size

The font-size property sets the size of the text.

Being able to manage the text size is important in web design. However, you should not use font size adjustments to make paragraphs look like headings, or headings look like paragraphs.

Always use the proper HTML tags, like h1 - h6 for headings and p for paragraphs.

The font-size value can be an absolute, or relative size.

Absolute size:

* Sets the text to a specified size
* Does not allow a user to change the text size in all browsers (bad for accessibility reasons)
* Absolute size is useful when the physical size of the output is known

Relative size:

* Sets the size relative to surrounding elements
* Allows a user to change the text size in browsers


Set Font Size With Pixels

Setting the text size with pixels, gives you full control over the text size:

Example
h1 {font-size:40px;}
h2 {font-size:30px;}
p {font-size:14px;}

The example above allows Firefox, Chrome, and Safari to resize the text, but not Internet Explorer.

The text can be resized in all browsers using the zoom tool (however, this resizes the entire page, not just the text).


Source: http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_font.asp

CSS Text

Text Color

The color property is used to set the color of the text. The color can be specified by:

* name - a color name, like "red"
* RGB - an RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"
* Hex - a hex value, like "#ff0000"

The default color for a page is defined in the body selector.

Example
body {color:blue;}
h1 {color:#00ff00;}
h2 {color:rgb(255,0,0);}


Text Alignment

The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text.

Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or justified.

When text-align is set to "justify", each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers).

Example
h1 {text-align:center;}
p.date {text-align:right;}
p.main {text-align:justify;}


Text Decoration

The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text.

The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links for design purposes:

Example
a {text-decoration:none;}

It can also be used to decorate text:

Example
h1 {text-decoration:overline;}
h2 {text-decoration:line-through;}
h3 {text-decoration:underline;}
h4 {text-decoration:blink;}


Text Transformation

The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text.

It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter of each word.

Example
p.uppercase {text-transform:uppercase;}
p.lowercase {text-transform:lowercase;}
p.capitalize {text-transform:capitalize;}


Text Indentation

The text-indentation property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text.

Example
p {text-indent:50px;}


Source: http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_text.asp

Background Image - Repeat Horizontally or Vertically

By default, the background-image property repeats an image both horizontally and vertically.

Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or they will look strange, like this:

Example
body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');
}


If the image is repeated only horizontally (repeat-x), the background will look better:

Example
body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');
background-repeat:repeat-x;
}


Source: http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_background.asp

Background Image

The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an element.

By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.

The background image for a page can be set like this:

Example
body {background-image:url('paper.gif');}

Below is an example of a bad combination of text and background image. The text is almost not readable:

Example
body {background-image:url('bgdesert.jpg');}


Source: http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_background.asp

Background Color

The background-color property specifies the background color of an element.

The background color of a page is defined in the body selector:

Example
body {background-color:#b0c4de;}


The background color can be specified by:

* name - a color name, like "red"
* RGB - an RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"
* Hex - a hex value, like "#ff0000"

In the example below, the h1, p, and div elements have different background colors:

Example
h1 {background-color:#6495ed;}
p {background-color:#e0ffff;}
div {background-color:#b0c4de;}


Source: http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_background.asp

CSS Background

CSS background properties are used to define the background effects of an element.

CSS properties used for background effects:

* background-color
* background-image
* background-repeat
* background-attachment
* background-position


Source: http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_background.asp

Three Ways to Insert CSS

There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

* External style sheet
* Internal style sheet
* Inline style

Source: http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_howto.asp

CSS Id and Class

The id and class Selectors

In addition to setting a style for a HTML element, CSS allows you to specify your own selectors called "id" and "class".


The id Selector

The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element.

The id selector uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with a "#".

The style rule below will be applied to the element with id="para1":


Example
#para1
{
text-align:center;
color:red;
}



The class Selector

The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements. Unlike the id selector, the class selector is most often used on several elements.

This allows you to set a particular style for any HTML elements with the same class.

The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with a "."

In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:


Example
.center {text-align:center;}


You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class.

In the example below, all p elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:


Example
p.center {text-align:center;}


Source: http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_id_class.asp

CSS Comments

Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the source code at a later date. Comments are ignored by browsers.

A CSS comment begins with "/*", and ends with "*/", like this:
/*This is a comment*/
p
{
text-align:center;
/*This is another comment*/
color:black;
font-family:arial;
}

Source: http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_syntax.asp

CSS Example

CSS declarations always ends with a semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded by curly brackets:
p {color:red;text-align:center;}

To make the CSS more readable, you can put one declaration on each line, like this:
Example
p
{
color:red;
text-align:center;
}

Source: http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_syntax.asp

Use CSS

Prior to CSS, nearly all of the presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained within the HTML markup; all font colors, background styles, element alignments, borders and sizes had to be explicitly described, often repeatedly, within the HTML. CSS allows authors to move much of that information to a separate style sheet resulting in considerably simpler HTML markup.

Headings (h1 elements), sub-headings (h2), sub-sub-headings (h3), etc., are defined structurally using HTML. In print and on the screen, choice of font, size, color and emphasis for these elements is presentational.

Prior to CSS, document authors who wanted to assign such typographic characteristics to, say, all h2 headings had to use the HTML font and other presentational elements for each occurrence of that heading type. The additional presentational markup in the HTML made documents more complex, and generally more difficult to maintain. In CSS, presentation is separated from structure. In print, CSS can define color, font, text alignment, size, borders, spacing, layout and many other typographic characteristics. It can do so independently for on-screen and printed views. CSS also defines non-visual styles such as the speed and emphasis with which text is read out by aural text readers. The W3C now considers the advantages of CSS for defining all aspects of the presentation of HTML pages to be superior to other methods. It has therefore deprecated the use of all the original presentational HTML markup.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Css

Syntax CSS

CSS has a simple syntax and uses a number of English keywords to specify the names of various style properties.

A style sheet consists of a list of rules. Each rule or rule-set consists of one or more selectors and a declaration block. A declaration-block consists of a list of declarations in braces. Each declaration itself consists of a property, a colon (:), a value, then a semi-colon (;).

In CSS, selectors are used to declare which of the markup elements a style applies to, a kind of match expression. Selectors may apply to all elements of a specific type, or only those elements that match a certain attribute; elements may be matched depending on how they are placed relative to each other in the markup code, or on how they are nested within the document object model.

Pseudo-classes are another form of specification used in CSS to identify markup elements, and in some cases, specific user actions to which a particular declaration block applies. An often-used example is the :hover pseudo-class that applies a style only when the user 'points to' the visible element, usually by holding the mouse cursor over it. It is appended to a selector as in a:hover or #elementid:hover. Other pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements are, for example, :first-line, :visited or :before. A special pseudo-class is :lang(c), "c".

A pseudo-class selects entire elements, such as :link or :visited, whereas a pseudo-element makes a selection that may consist of partial elements, such as :first-line or :first-letter.

Selectors may be combined in other ways too, especially in CSS 2.1, to achieve greater specificity and flexibility.

Here is an example summing up the rules above:

selector [, selector2, ...][:pseudo-class] {
property: value;
[property2: value2;
...]
}
/* comment */

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Css

About Cascading Style Sheets

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can also be applied to any kind of XML document, including SVG and XUL.

CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in HTML or a similar markup language) from document presentation, including elements such as the layout, colors, and fonts.[citation needed] This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple pages to share formatting, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content (such as by allowing for tableless web design). CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices. While the author of a document typically links that document to a CSS style sheet, readers can use a different style sheet, perhaps one on their own computer, to override the one the author has specified.

CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities or weights are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable.

The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Internet media type (MIME type) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998).

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Css